低读低写并发、低数据量方案

方案一：双机高可用方案

1.数据库架构图

2.特点

    一台机器A作为读写库，另一台B作为备份库；A库故障后B库作为读写库；A库恢复后A作为备库。

3.开发说明

此种情况下，数据源配置中的数据库IP地址，可采用虚拟的IP地址。虚拟IP地址由两台数据库机器上的keepalive配置，并互相检测心跳。当其中一台故障后，虚拟IP地址会自动漂移到另外一台正常的库上。

数据库的主备配置、故障排除和数据补全，需要DBA和运维人员来维护。而程序代码或配置并不需要修改。

4.适应场景

读和写都不高的场景（单表数据低于500万），双机高可用。

5.优缺点

优点是一个机器故障了可以自动切换；缺点是只有一个库在工作，读写并未分离，并发有限制。

方案二：主从结构方案

1.数据库架构图

2.特点

    一台机器A作为写库，另一台B作为读库；A库故障后B库充当读写，A修复后，B库为写库，A库为读库。

3.开发说明

    这种方案的实现，要借助数据库中间件Mycat来实现，Mycat的datahost配置如下（注意balance和writetype的设置）

<dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1" slaveThreshold="100">

<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>

<!--主，用于写-->

<writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.1.135:3306" user="root" password="123" />

<!--主2，用于读,hostM1 down了，自动切换为主，读写都可以-->

<writeHost host="hostM2" url="192.168.1.136:3306" user="root" password="123" />

</dataHost>

项目开发中，要配置Mycat数据源，并实现对Mycat数据源的数据操作。数据库A和数据库B应该互为主从。数据库的主主配置、故障排除和数据补全，依然需要DBA和运维人员来维护。

4.适应场景

读和写都不是非常高的场景（单表数据低于1000万），高可用。比方案一并发要高很多。

5.优缺点

优点是一个机器故障了可以自动切换；读写分离，并发有了很大的提升。缺点是引入了一个Mycat节点，若要高可用需要引入至少两个Mycat。常规的解决方案是引入haproxy和keepalive对mycat做集群。

 

高读低写并发、低数据量方案

方案三：一主多从+读写分离

1.数据库架构图

 

2.特点

一个主写库A多个从库，当主库A故障时，提升从库B为主写库，同时修改C、D库为B的从库。A故障修复后，作为B的从库。

3.开发说明

项目开发中需要使用Mycat作为中间件，来配置主库和从库，核心配置如下：

<dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1" slaveThreshold="100">

<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>

<!--主A，用于写-->

<writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.1.135:3306" user="root" password="123" />

<!—从B，用于读,hostM1 down了，自动切换为主-->

<writeHost host="hostM2" url="192.168.1.136:3306" user="root" password="123456" />

<!—从C，用于读-->

<writeHost host="hostM3" url="192.168.1.137:3306" user="root" password="123" />

<!—从D，用于读-->

<writeHost host="hostM4" url="192.168.1.138:3306" user="root" password="123" />

</dataHost>

主库A故障后，Mycat会自动把从B提升为写库。而C、D从库，则可以通过MHA等工具，自动修改其主库为B。进而实现自动切换的目地。

MHA Manager可以单独部署在一台独立的机器上管理多个master-slave集群，也可以部署在一台slave节点上。MHA Node运行在每台MySQL服务器上，MHA Manager会定时探测集群中的master节点，当master出现故障时，它可以自动将最新数据的slave提升为新的master，然后将所有其他的slave重新指向新的master。整个故障转移过程对应用程序完全透明。

MHA相关知识请参考：

http://www.cnblogs.com/gomysql/p/3675429.html

4.适应场景

    该架构适合写并发不大、但是读并发大的很的场景

5.优缺点

由于配置了多个读节点，读并发的能力有了质的提高。理论上来说，读节点可以多个，可以负载很高级别的读并发。当然，Mycat依然需要设计高可用方案。

高读写并发、低数据量方案

方案四：MariaDB Galera Cluster方案

1.数据库架构图

 

2.特点

    多个数据库，在负载均衡作用下，可同时进行写入和读取操作；各个库之间以Galera Replication的方法进行数据同步，即每个库理论上来说，数据是完全一致的。

3.开发说明

   数据库读写时，只需要修改数据库读写IP为keepalive的虚拟节点即可；数据库配置方面相对比较复杂，需要引入haproxy、keepalive、Galaera等各种插件和配置。

4.适用场景

    该方案适合读写并发较大、数据量不是非常大的场景。

5.优缺点点

   优点：1）可以在任意节点上进行读2）自动剔除故障节点3）自动加入新节点4）真正并行的复制，基于行级5）客户端连接跟操作单数据库的体验一致。6) 同步复制，因此具有较高的性能和可靠性。

    缺点：1) DELETE操作不支持没有主键的表,没有主键的表在不同的节点顺序将不同2）处理事务时，会运行一个协调认证程序来保证事务的全局一致性，若该事务长时间运行，就会锁死节点中所有的相关表，导致插入卡住（这种情况和单表插入是一样的）。2）整个集群的写入吞吐量是由最弱的节点限制，如果有一个节点变得缓慢，那么整个集群将是缓慢的。为了稳定的高性能要求，所有的节点应使用统一的硬件。3）如果DDL语句有问题将破坏集群,建议禁用。4) Mysql数据库5.7.6及之后的版本才支持此种方案。

高读写并发、高数据量方案

方案五 数据库中间件

1. 数据库架构图

 

2.特点

采用Mycat进行分片存储，可以解决写负载均衡和数据量过大问题；每个分片配置多个读从库，可以减少单个库的读压力。

3.开发说明

   此种情况，需要配置Haproxy、keepalive和mycat集群，每个分片上又需要配置一主多从的集群。每个分片上的完整配置，具体请参考方案三，可以简单地把方案三理解为一个分片结构。因此，配置和维护量都比较大。

4.适用场景

  读写并发都很大并且数据量非常大的场景。

5.优缺点

   优点：终极的解决高并发高数据量的方法。

   缺点：配置和维护都比较麻烦，需要的软硬件设备资源大。

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