apt-get update 慢解决方案：更换国内镜像源（Debian/Ubuntu）

一、原理

apt-get update 慢是因为默认官方源服务器在国外，替换国内镜像（阿里云、清华、163、中科大）可大幅提速。

二、操作步骤（Ubuntu / Debian 通用）

1. 备份原有源文件（必做，出错可恢复）

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

2. 编辑源文件

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

清空里面所有原有内容，粘贴下方对应系统镜像。

3. 国内镜像源推荐

（1）Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy 清华源

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

（2）Ubuntu 20.04 Focal 清华源

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

（3）Debian 12 Bookworm 清华源

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

阿里云 Ubuntu 通用（稳定）

把 mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn 替换成 mirrors.aliyun.com 即可。

4. 保存退出 nano

Ctrl+O → 回车保存 → Ctrl+X 退出

5. 更新缓存

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade -y

三、额外提速小技巧

1. 禁用不必要的源
   注释不用的 backports/security（加 # 开头），减少下载索引数量。
2. 使用 aria2 多线程下载
   安装多线程下载工具加速 apt：

sudo apt install apt-transport-aria2

3. 服务器内网优先厂商源
   阿里云ECS用阿里云内网源、腾讯CVM用腾讯源，不走公网速度拉满。
4. 清理旧缓存

sudo apt clean

四、恢复默认官方源

如果镜像异常，还原备份：

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list.bak /etc/apt/sources.list
sudo apt update

一键替换阿里云源（Ubuntu 22.04 jammy，单条命令，自动备份+写入）

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
EOF

执行完再更新：

sudo apt-get update

如果你是 Ubuntu20.04(focal) 一键命令

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
EOF

Debian12 bookworm 阿里云一键命令

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
EOF

说明

1. 自动备份原文件 sources.list.bak，出问题一键恢复：sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list.bak /etc/apt/sources.list
2. tee 直接覆盖写入，无需手动编辑保存，整条复制直接运行即可。

全系列一键阿里云换源命令（复制直接运行，自动备份+写入，无需手动保存）

一、树莓派 Raspberry Pi OS（ARM，apt体系，两条文件一键覆盖）

1. Bullseye（主流树莓派64位）

# 备份并替换系统源
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/raspbian/raspbian/ bullseye main non-free contrib rpi
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/raspbian/raspbian/ bullseye main non-free contrib rpi
EOF
# 备份并替换树莓派硬件专属源
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/raspberrypi/debian/ bullseye main uifiles
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/raspberrypi/debian/ bullseye main uifiles
EOF
# 更新缓存
sudo apt-get update

2. Bookworm（新版树莓派）

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/raspbian/raspbian/ bookworm main non-free contrib rpi
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/raspbian/raspbian/ bookworm main non-free contrib rpi
EOF
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/raspberrypi/debian/ bookworm main uifiles
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/raspberrypi/debian/ bookworm main uifiles
EOF
sudo apt-get update

二、openEuler 欧拉系统（dnf/yum体系，两种一键方案）

方案1：sed全局替换（最简单条，自动替换域名，适配所有版本22.03/24.03）

sudo cp /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo.bak && sudo sed -i "s#repo.openeuler.org#mirrors.aliyun.com/openeuler#g" /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo && sudo dnf clean all && sudo dnf makecache

方案2：完整重写repo（推荐，带GPG校验，稳定）

sudo cp /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo.bak && sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo <<-'EOF'
[OS]
name=openEuler-$releasever - OS
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/openeuler/$releasever/OS/$basearch/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/openeuler/$releasever/OS/repodata/repomd.xml.key
[everything]
name=openEuler-$releasever - Everything
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/openeuler/$releasever/everything/$basearch/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/openeuler/$releasever/everything/repodata/repomd.xml.key
[EPOL]
name=openEuler-$releasever - EPOL
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/openeuler/$releasever/EPOL/$basearch/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/openeuler/$releasever/EPOL/repodata/repomd.xml.key
EOF
sudo dnf clean all && sudo dnf makecache

三、Ubuntu x86 一键阿里源（之前整理汇总）

Ubuntu22.04 jammy

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
EOF
sudo apt-get update

Ubuntu20.04 focal

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
EOF
sudo apt-get update

四、Debian 一键阿里源

Debian12 bookworm

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
EOF
sudo apt-get update

通用恢复备份命令（所有系统出错回滚）

1. apt系（Ubuntu/Debian/树莓派）

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list.bak /etc/apt/sources.list
# 树莓派额外恢复硬件源
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list.bak /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list
sudo apt update

2. openEuler 欧拉

sudo cp /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo.bak /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo
sudo dnf makecache